Read the excerpt from "Edward Jenner and the History of Smallpox and Vaccination.” Smallpox was introduced to Europe sometime between the fifth and seventh centuries and was frequently epidemic during the Middle Ages. The disease greatly affected the development of Western civilization. The first stages of the decline of the Roman Empire (AD 108) coincided with a large-scale epidemic: the plague of Antonine, which accounted for the deaths of almost 7 million people. The Arab expansion, the Crusades, and the discovery of the West Indies all contributed to the spread of the disease.

The author most supports his argument that smallpox devastated mankind over the centuries by providing

a historical timeline.
an alternative claim.
details of a historical incident.
interesting, partially related facts.

As for this city's government, i don't want to say much, except that it is a shame – a shame; but if i should live twenty-five years longer – and there is no reason why i shouldn't – i think i'll see women handle the ballot. which quotation correctly uses ellipsis to shorten twain’s words? as for this city's government, i don't want to say much, except that it is a shame . . a shame; but if i should live twenty-five years longer – and there is no reason why i shouldn't . . i think i'll see women handle the ballot. as for this city's government, i don't want to say much, except that it is a shame – a shame; but if i should live twenty-five years longer . . i shouldn't – i think i'll see women handle the ballot. as for this city's government, i don't want to say much, except that it is a shame – a shame; but if i should live twenty-five years longer – and there is no reason why i shouldn't . . as for this city's government, i don't want to say much, except that it is a shame – a shame; but if i should live twenty-five years longer . . i think i'll see women handle the ballot.

Have you ever felt like the person in this image during a speech or presentation? list four or five things this person can do to be a more effective listener.

Read this paragraph from chapter 5 of the prince. there are, for example, the spartans and the romans. the spartans held athens and thebes, establishing there an oligarchy: nevertheless they lost them. the romans, in order to hold capua, carthage, and numantia, dismantled them, and did not lose them. they wished to hold greece as the spartans held it, making it free and permitting its laws, and did not succeed. so to hold it they were compelled to dismantle many cities in the country, for in truth there is no safe way to retain them otherwise than by ruining them. and he who becomes master of a city accustomed to freedom and does not destroy it, may expect to be destroyed by it, for in rebellion it has always the watchword of liberty and its ancient privileges as a rallying point, which neither time nor benefits will ever cause it to forget. and whatever you may do or provide against, they never forget that name or their privileges unless they are disunited or dispersed, but at every chance they immediately rally to them, as pisa after the hundred years she had been held in bondage by the florentines. what idea is stressed in the passage? the desire for liberty the establishment of an oligarchy the dismantling of an acquired state the tendency toward rebellion