Why are euphemisms often used?
a. to directly state an opinion about a specific topic
b. to hide ignorance about the topic
c. to cause people to think more deeply about an issue
d. to rename the problem and make it less uncomfortable

Correct answer is D. To rename the problem and make it less uncomfortabe. {APEX}

- "the answers are a and b.  

when cullen speaks of planting while others reap, and standing "abject and mute," he is speaking about the racial injustices present in american society. as these injustices have changed over time, the american identity  has also shifted. those changes are, in turn, reflected in american literature."

i think it's either 'to expose the corruption of the communists in russia', or 'to criticize animal brutality by communists in russia.'  

hope this ! : )