In order to be audience-centered, a speaker must focus on the audience both before speaking and during the speech?

If this is a true-or-false type of question, the answer is: true.

Before speaking, a speaker has to structure their speech and adjust it in topics, tone, voice, style, and other elements to his/her supposed audience. For example, a serious, dignified approach which works well with older people won't resonate with millennials (people born after 1980).

However, a speaker has to focus on the audience during the speech as well. It is necessary to observe their reactions, whether they are engaged in the speech or is it boring to them, whether they watch the speaker and attentively absorb every word or are they just trying to pass the time... The point is, a speaker always has to have an audience-centered approach. That is the point of giving a speech in the first place.

The answer is 2) to show the depth of the colonists’ commitment to independence