Which sentence correctly uses commas to separate items in a list?

a. the deacidification process preserves pages by neutralizing acid with magnesium oxide, raising the ph level of the paper, and, minimizing the alkaline reserve.

b. the deacidification process preserves pages by neutralizing acid with magnesium oxide, raising the ph level of the paper and, minimizing the alkaline reserve.

c. the deacidification process preserves pages by neutralizing acid with magnesium oxide, raising the ph level of the paper, and minimizing the alkaline reserve.

d. the deacidification process preserves pages by neutralizing acid with magnesium oxide, raising the ph level of the paper and minimizing the alkaline reserve.

Read this excerpt from white fang by jack london. the qualities in his kind that in the beginning made it possible for them to come in to the fires of men, were qualities capable of development. they were developing in him, and the camp-life, replete with misery as it was, was secretly endearing itself to him all the time. but white fang was unaware of it. he knew only grief for the loss of kiche, hope for her return, and a hungry yearning for the free life that had been his. which quotation from the paragraph supports the story’s theme of homesickness? “the camp life . . was secretly endearing itself to him all the time.” “but white fang was unaware of it.” “he knew only . . a hungry yearning for the free life that had been his.” “the qualities in his kind . . were qualities capable of development.”

If the author's last name is mentioned in the sentence, it does not need to be included in the in-text citation.

What is the effect of the haiku structure on this poem?   how does the line structure describe the subject(s)?   and how does a haiku compare to a rhyming and longer poem in terms of its effect on you as a reader?