The narrator of “the swimming contest” says the loser(s) (1 point) a) is abdul-karim. b) is himself c) are the arabs d) are all of us.

dramatic irony occurs when the reader/audience knows more about a character's situation than the character does. the one main effect is that it gives the reader a sense of superiority, or detached superiority. the reader not only seemingly discovers what is revealed, but feels superior for doing so.