Which is an example of a sentence fragment?

a.) thomas paine’s common sense was published in 1776.

b.) thomas paine’s common sense, which was published in 1776.

c.) common sense was written by thomas paine and published in 1776.

d.) common sense, authored by thomas paine, was published in 1776.

can you give some possible answers

sam knew that staying up late on a weeknight would effect his exam performance the next day. however, he believed that his friends would be mad at him if he didn't join them. peer pressure and the thought of losing his friends scared sam. he planned to meet them for a couple of hours and then leave early to study for the exam.