Adangling modifier is a

a. detail that provides information about the wrong subject.
b. word that's unnecessary to the rest of the sentence's meaning.
c. group of words in the wrong position in a sentence.
d. phrase that has nothing to modify in a sentence.

I just took the test, the answer is D. phrase that has nothing to modify in a sentence.

A sentence fault similar to a misplaced modifier is a dangling modifier. Dangling modifiers are usually verbal phrases (participial, gerund, or infinitive phrases). They seem to dangle, unconnected to the rest of the sentence. For example,

    Answering the phone, my paperwork gets behind.

Now, since a participle is an adjective, it must describe a noun or pronoun. A noun or pronoun should be close to it. The only word here that the phrase could possibly describe is the noun paperwork. Of course, that doesn’t make sense: the paperwork didn’t answer the phone. So, the participial phrase is left hanging, with no noun or pronoun to modify. Put a logical noun or pronoun into the sentence:

    Answering the phone, I get behind on my paperwork.

what is the question here?

i think that the quotes in paragraph 11 contribute to the development of ideas because it provides a good reasoning of the central idea of the text.