Read this excerpt from "Mars: Landscape of the Red Planet." In addition to its volcanic landscape, Mars also has an amazing system of canyons known as the Valles Marineris. Scientist have ruled out water as the reason for the formation of these canyons. Instead, they theorize that the canyons were formed from the splitting of the Martian crust due to the cooling of the planet. Valles Marineris runs 2,500 miles long at a depth of 4 miles, dwarfing the Grand Canyon back on Earth, which is only 500 miles long and 1 mile deep.

Canyons on Mars appear to have been formed by the splitting of the Martian crust. However, canyons on Earth were most likely formed by

the impact of asteroids causing damage to the surface.
water flowing through rivers over long periods of time.
earthquakes causing parts of Earth’s crust to rise up.
the rising of hot magma from deep inside Earth’s core.

Read this paragraph from chapter 5 of the prince. there are, for example, the spartans and the romans. the spartans held athens and thebes, establishing there an oligarchy: nevertheless they lost them. the romans, in order to hold capua, carthage, and numantia, dismantled them, and did not lose them. they wished to hold greece as the spartans held it, making it free and permitting its laws, and did not succeed. so to hold it they were compelled to dismantle many cities in the country, for in truth there is no safe way to retain them otherwise than by ruining them. and he who becomes master of a city accustomed to freedom and does not destroy it, may expect to be destroyed by it, for in rebellion it has always the watchword of liberty and its ancient privileges as a rallying point, which neither time nor benefits will ever cause it to forget. and whatever you may do or provide against, they never forget that name or their privileges unless they are disunited or dispersed, but at every chance they immediately rally to them, as pisa after the hundred years she had been held in bondage by the florentines. what idea is stressed in the passage? the desire for liberty the establishment of an oligarchy the dismantling of an acquired state the tendency toward rebellion