The Montgomery Bus Boycott The Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955-1956 was one of the most significant events of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. Though it might have seemed like a fruitless endeavor to some when it began on December 1, 1955, the boycott was able to break segregation laws throughout Alabama.
The true spark of the boycott came unintentionally from Rosa Parks, now known as “the mother of the Civil Rights Movement.” As stipulated by a Montgomery city ordinance, African American bus riders were required to sit in the back of the bus. In addition, they were required to give up their seats to white riders if the “white seats” were taken. Ms. Parks, an African American seamstress born in 1913, obeyed the law and sat in the back of the bus. However, when a white man told her to give up her seat, she refused. The mere refusal was enough to get her arrested.
It is popular belief that Parks’ civil disobedience was merely the result of exhaustion. However, it is not widely known that plans were underway by others to soon challenge the Montgomery bus laws—and that Parks was well aware of this. Ms. Parks had belonged to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) since 1944. As a member of the Montgomery chapter, she knew that some civil rights leaders had been planning action to overturn the bus segregation laws for some time. Apparently, Ms. Parks’ action was impulsive although it hastened the battle for equality in Montgomery.
As a result of Ms. Parks’ arrest, the NAACP and other activists staged the now-famous bus boycott. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. , began organizing the boycott immediately, and soon fliers were being sent around Montgomery. His call to action resulted in African Americans walking or carpooling rather than paying the fares of the Montgomery bus system. Since 70% of the city’s bus ridership was made up of African Americans, the bus system was hit hard financially.
Prompted by the activities in Montgomery, the United States Supreme Court put an end to the bus segregation laws. On November 13, 1956, it struck down the laws in not only Montgomery, but all of Alabama, stating that these laws violated the 14th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution. On December 20, 1956, the Montgomery buses were finally desegregated. The boycott had lasted 381 days.
It was very fitting that Ms. Parks would be one of the first African Americans to ride on the newly-desegregated buses and that Dr. King would go on to further victories for the Civil Rights Movement.

What can be inferred from the author's focus on Ms. Parks' reason for starting the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955–1956?

A.
As a well-known advocate of desegregation during the Civil Rights Movement, the author criticizes Ms. Parks' true intentions for refusing to give up her seat on a bus.
B.
As a member of the NAACP, Ms. Parks wanted to overturn bus segregation laws sooner than planned and intentionally refused to give up her seat that day.
C.
Many activists were not brave enough to stage a bus boycott until Ms. Parks was arrested for her refusal to give up her seat to a white man, prompting others to follow her lead.
D.
Regardless of whether or not Ms. Parks' defiance was intentional, her actions played an integral part in generating major changes during the Civil Rights Movement.

Preparing for a group discussion the first step in participating in a group discussion is to understand the purpose and process of a group discussion. your approach to a group discussion will differ from other assignments, such as writing a research paper. read through the discussion guidelines to understand how you should prepare for a group discussion assignment. your discussion process for this task, you’ll need to work as part of a group of three or four students who can meet together for a face-to-face or virtual discussion. your teacher will identify a process for this task that fits your learning situation. for instance, if you’re working primarily on your own in this course with no on-site classmates (self-paced course), the process will be a little different than if you are learning with at least two other students in the same building and on the same schedule (group-paced course). discussions in those two cases are outlined below. group-paced course the teacher organizes groups or enables students to self-organize. in the discussion session, students take turns presenting their thesis and then discussing each thesis with the group. one student (not the presenter) acts as a discussion facilitator. the discussion will be a round-robin, rotating the presenter and facilitator roles for each thesis. plan to spend at least 15 minutes to present and discuss each thesis. refer to the discussion summary below. you will want to take brief notes during the discussion so that you can easily complete the discussion summary afterwards. self-paced course you will find at least two people to participate in this discussion with you. they could be classmates from other courses, friends, or siblings. they should be roughly your age, if possible, so you can have a thoughtful discussion with peers. you will set a time and place for the discussion and share the discussion guidelines for them to read prior to the discussion. you will be the only presenter for this discussion. you will also play the role of facilitator. you will present your thesis and then discuss it with your group. your invited group members are only required to be active, thinking participants. except for reading through the discussion guidelines ahead of time, they do not have to prepare for the discussion beforehand or do any follow-up afterwards. since you will be presenting and facilitating during the discussion, you may want to ask one of the participants to take brief notes for you on key points that come up during the discussion. these notes will you compose your discussion summary below. since there is only one thesis to discuss, plan to spend at least 30 minutes presenting and discussing your thesis. here is an outline of the whole process for this task: 1. you will formulate a thesis and outline a set of points that support your thesis. this may include some initial research. 2. depending upon your learning situation, you may need to organize the discussion group, place, and time. 3. read the discussion guidelines for how to conduct, facilitate, or participate constructively in a discussion with your peers. 4. the group meets to discuss the theses for your learning situation: the discussions should be fair, democratic, and orderly. each member of the group should have an opportunity to express their views; all members should actively contribute to the discussion. group members should show respect for others' views and make their points politely. the goal of the discussion is to gather opposing viewpoints and additional perspectives that would support or oppose your thesis. each participant should come to the discussion prepared to the presenter deepen the understanding of the topic. 5. after you've discussed your thesis, you will complete the discussion summary section below and submit it to your teacher. leading a discussion be sure that all the participants have read the discussion guidelines before beginning your discussion. with three or four peers, start the discussion by presenting your thoughts and findings from your research. present a question to the group to begin the discussion. allow your group to ask you follow-up questions. using an audio recording tool, record the questions your team asks as well as your response to these questions. finally, consider how the discussion changed or influenced your initial research and thoughts about the discussion questions. you will submit your responses to the questions asked in the discussion summary. use your notes from your research and your discussion to you complete the summary. discussion summary part a using an audio recording tool, record the names of the discussion participants below. if you organized the discussion, using an audio recording tool, record how you know each person and summarize how you chose and invited the participants and how you organized the time and place for the discussion.

Which of the following is not a common response to feeling stressed on the road? a.crippling indecision b.enhanced reflexes c.lethargic reactions

3. what is the purpose of a lead sentence or paragraph? to display your most convincing reasons and arguments to you revise the overall structure of your work to interest readers and introduce your writing style to add details and elaborate on your ideas