The following is an excerpt from a research study titled, "Determinants of refugee naturalization in the United States." (1) The United States oversees the world's most amazing refugee resettlement program.
(2) However, it's difficult to determine whether or not refugees successfully integrate into American society after their arrival.
(3) We address this gap by drawing on linked administrative data to directly measure a long-term integration outcome: naturalization rates. (4) Assessing the full population of refugees resettled between 2000 and 2010, we find that refugees naturalize at high rates: 66% achieved citizenship by 2015.
(5) This rate is substantially higher than among other immigrants who became eligible for citizenship during the same period.
(6) We also find significant heterogeneity in naturalization rates.
(7) Consistent with the literature on immigration more generally, sociodemographic characteristics condition the likelihood of naturalization.
(8) Women, refugees with longer residency, and those with higher education levels are more likely to obtain citizenship.
(9) National origins also matter.
(10) While refugees from Iran, Iraq, and Somalia naturalize at higher rates, those from Burma, Ukraine, Vietnam, and Liberia naturalize at lower rates.
(11) Naturalization success is significantly shaped by the initial resettlement location.
(12) Placing refugees in areas that are urban, have lower rates of unemployment, and have a larger share of co-nationals increases the likelihood of acquiring citizenship.
(13) These findings suggest pathways that promote refugee integration by targeting interventions.
Which of the following versions of sentence 2 (reproduced below) best previews the line of reasoning for the rest of the passage?
However, it's difficult to determine whether or not refugees successfully integrate into American society after their arrival.
a) As it is now
b) However, the country's program is severely lacking in its resettlement efforts for refugees arriving in the country.
c) However, there is almost no systematic evidence on whether refugees successfully integrate into American society over the long run.
d) However, refugees settling into urban areas seem to integrate into society more effectively than those placed in rural areas.