What is the tone in once upon a time by Nadine Gordimer

1. in which sentence is the underlined portion a predicate nominative? for astronauts, going into space to repair orbiting equipment becomes a challenge. for astronauts, going into space to repair orbiting equipment becomes tricky. for astronauts, going into space to repair orbiting equipment becomes challenging. for astronauts, going into space to repair orbiting equipment becomes frequent.