Between the time Champollion's books appeared and the end of the nineteenth century, thousands of rolls of papyrus and copies of temple and tomb inscriptions were brought to Europe and America. There scholars, using the deciphering methods Champollion had pioneered, traced the entire history of writing in Egypt. They discovered it had begun about 3100 B. C. when images of important people were first accompanied by hieroglyphs of their names or titles. By 2500 B. C. complete sentences began to appear on tomb inscriptions, along with lists of offerings to the Egyptian gods. Which answer choice best states a cause-and-effect relationship from the excerpt?

Cause: Champollion published books about his deciphering methods.
Effect: Scholars were able to trace the history of writing in Egypt.
Cause: Thousands of rolls of papyrus and copies of temple and tomb inscriptions were brought to Europe and America.
Effect: Champollion published books about his deciphering methods.
Cause: Scholars discovered that writing in Egypt began in about 3100 BCE.
Effect: Images of important people were first accompanied by hieroglyphs of their names or titles.
Cause: Images of important people were first accompanied by hieroglyphs of their names or titles in around 3100 BCE.
Effect: Complete sentences had begun to appear on tomb inscriptions by 2500 BCE.

In this excerpt from "a modest proposal" by jonathan swift, which important issue does the writer deal with using a satirical tone? some persons of a desponding spirit are in great concern about that vast number of poor people, who are aged, diseased, or maimed; and i have been desired to employ my thoughts what course may be taken, to ease the nation of so grievous an incumbrance. but i am not in the least pain upon that matter, because it is very well known, that they are every day dying, and rotting, by cold and famine, and filth, and vermin, as fast as can be reasonably expected. and as to the young labourers, they are now in almost as hopeful a condition. they cannot get work, and consequently pine away from want of nourishment, to a degree, that if at any time they are accidentally hired to common labour, they have not strength to perform it, and thus the country and themselves are happily delivered from the evils to come. a. old, sickly people cannot be hired as laborers because they don't have the physical stamina required for the job. b. old, sickly people and young laborers are useless to the nation because they cannot be productive citizens. c. the economy of the nation is burdened by the poor, the old, and the sickly who survive on charity and handouts. d. the living conditions of the poor and their lack of employment opportunities are serious concerns for the nation. reset next