How do you feel about this NEW NORMAL way of learning? need help on grammar

Which of these can an adverbial clause modify?

1. a poem that tells a story irony 2. taking on human characteristics narrative 3. a direct comparison between two things personification 4. words that are opposite the thoughts in a speaker's mind simile 5. implied comparison introduced with "as" and "like idiom 6. one's own manner of speaking metaphor

The consequence of jim smiley’s human foible adds to the story’s humor. what foible does smiley demonstrate?