1. a figure of speech using words that carry the opposite meaning of what is literally said 2. author's combination of setting, atmosphere, and tone
3. literal on one level, yet underneath carries secondary extended meanings

A. mood
B. symbols
C. irony

Read the passage from animal farm. "that was part of the arrangement! " cried squealer. "jones's shot only grazed him. i could show you this in his own writing, if you were able to read it. the plot was for snowball, at the critical moment, to give the signal for flight and leave the field to the enemy. and he very nearly succeeded—i will even say, comrades, he would have succeeded if it had not been for our heroic leader, comrade napoleon. do you not remember how, just at the moment when jones and his men had got inside the yard, snowball suddenly turned and fled, and many animals followed him? and do you not remember, too, that it was just at that moment, when panic was spreading and all seemed lost, that comrade napoleon sprang forward with a cry of 'death to humanity! ' and sank his teeth in jones's leg? surely you remember that, comrades? " exclaimed squealer, frisking from side to side. now when squealer described the scene so graphically, it seemed to the animals that they did remember it. at any rate, they remembered that at the critical moment of the battle snowball had turned to flee. but boxer was still a little uneasy. how does the characterization of squealer support the author’s purpose? squealer's dramatic accusations draw parallels between him and stalin’s propagandists. squealer's uncertainty shows that he is not a reliable ally of napoleon and is ineffective with messaging. squealer's ability to get the animals to listen to him shows that any animal can rise to be a leader in time. squealer's humble interactions with the animals reflect the importance of equality and cooperation.

Based on the information in the passage, what conclusion can the reader make?

The author most likely included these details in order to read the excerpt from "justin lebo." it was a bmx bike with a twenty-inch trame. its original color was buried beneath five or six coats of gunky paint. now it showed up as sort of a rusted red. everything the grips, the pedals, the brakes, the seat, the spokes-were bent or broken, twisted and rusted, highlight the amount of money justin had to spend to restore the bicycle llustrate why justin wanted to give the bicycle away to someone else. emphasize how hard justin had to work to restore the bicycle. show why justin may have made a mistake in buying this bicycle