Which of the following words is the best example of a formal word meaning “to cause”?

Part a how does chekhov portray the cultural experiences of people of low rank in this passage? a. he shows that they hope to better their lot in life by proving their value to society. b. he shows that they depend on their superiors' approval and heap praise on their superiors to curry favor. c. he shows that they are treated disrespectfully by their social and economic superiors. d. he shows that they believe their rulers should continue to lead them even when the rulers are no longer in power. question 2 which excerpt from the passage best supports the answer in part a? a. "'…we, your subordinates, on this so memorable for , beg your excellency to accept in token of our respect and profound gratitude this album with our portraits in it…'" b. "'gentlemen! ' he said in a shaking voice, 'i did not expect, i had no idea that you were going to celebrate my modest am touched much '" c. "…he went downstairs amid loud and joyful cheers, got into his carriage and drove off, followed by their blessings. as he sat in his carriage he was aware of a flood of joyous feelings such as he had never known " d. "then the chief made a gesture that signified that he could not speak for emotion, and shed tears as though an expensive album had not been presented to him, but on the contrary, taken from "