The midde ages also known as the medieval times was greatly influenced by the Islamic world in various fields such as the arts, agriculture, alchemy, music, pottery, astronomy, mathematics, science, and medicine. Other contributions included technological and scientific innovations via the Silk Road, including Chinese inventions such as paper and gunpowder.
Explanation:
Philosophy : Avicenna was an important commentator on the works of Aristotle, modifying it with his own original thinking in some areas, notably logic.
Averroes, one of the most influential Muslim philosophers in the West disagreed with Avicenna's interpretations of Aristotle in areas such as the unity of the intellect, and it was his interpretation of Aristotle which had the most influence in medieval Europe.
Al-Ghazali also had an important influence on medieval Christian philosopher along with Jewish thinkers like Maimonides.
Sciences: The method of algorism for performing arithmetic with the Hindu-Arabic numeral system was developed by the Persian al-Khwarizmi in the 9th century, and introduced in Europe by Leonardo Fibonacci.
European scholars such as Gerard of Cremon translated many scientific and philosophical texts from Arabic into Latin. Gerard personally translated 87 books from Arabic into Latin, including the Almagest, and also Muhammad ibn MÅ«sÄ al-KhwÄrizmÄ«'s On Algebra and Almucabala, Jabir ibn Aflah's Elementa astronomica, al-Kindi's On Optics, Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn KathÄ«r al-FarghÄnÄ«'s On Elements of Astronomy on the Celestial Motions, al-Farabi's On the Classification of the Sciences, the chemical and medical works of Rhazes, the works of Thabit ibn Qurra and Hunayn ibn Ishaq, and the works of Arzachel, Jabir ibn Aflah, the BanÅ« MÅ«sÄ, AbÅ« KÄmil ShujÄ ibn Aslam, Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), and Ibn al-Haytham (including the Book of Optics).
Alchemy: Western alchemy directly dependended on Arabic sources. The Latin alchemical works of "Geber" (JÄbir ibn HayyÄn) were standard texts for European alchemists. The alchemical works of Muhammad ibn ZakarÄ«ya RÄzi (Rhazes) were translated into Latin around the 12th century. Several technical Arabic words from Arabic alchemical works, such as alkali, became part of scientific vocabulary.
Medicine: One of the most important medical works to be translated was Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine (1025), which was translated into Latin and then disseminated in manuscript and printed form throughout Europe. He also wrote The Book of Healing, a more general encyclopedia of science and philosophy, which became another popular textbook in Europe. Muhammad ibn ZakarÄ«ya RÄzi wrote the Comprehensive Book of Medicine, with its careful description of and distinction between measles and smallpox, which was also influential in Europe. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi wrote Kitab al-Tasrif, an encyclopedia of medicine which was particularly famed for its section on surgery. It included descriptions and diagrams of over 200 surgical instruments, many of which he developed.
