In 1924, Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb were convicted of killing a fourteen-year-
old neighbor boy. Leopold and Loeb were in their late teens, came from wealthy
families, and attended college. They wanted to commit the "perfect crime. Attorney
Clarence Darrow, a lifetime opponent of the death penalty, was their defense
attorney.
excerpt from Clarence Darrow's closing argument in Illinois v. Nathan Leopold and
Richard Loeb, August 22-25, 1924
And then came the planning for this crime. Murder was the least part of it: to kidnap
and get the money, and kill in connection with it that was the childish scheme
growing up in these childish minds. And they had it in mind for five or six months,
planning what? Planning where every step was foolish and childish, acts that could
have been planned in an hour or a day; planning this, and then planning that
changing this and changing that the weird actions of two mad brains.
How does the use of hypophora in this excerpt advance the speaker's viewpoint?
It emphasizes the speaker's opinion that the boys poorly planned the crime.
It shows the audience that the speaker has been unbiased in forming his opinion
It shows that the speaker wants to be merciful toward the
le presents the speaker's opinion as one of several possibilities

1. an introductory word, phrase, or clause which is missing the word(s) it is supposed to modify- dangling modifier

words, clauses or phrases which add description is known as a modifier. a modifier is found before or after the target words that they want to describe.

for example: happily, she ran towards her father.

herein, happily precedes 'she', its target.

whereas, when an author forgets to mention the target and includes the modifier thus it is known as a dangling modifier, wherein modifier has nothing to describe. these are the errors which confuse the reader.

2. a noun or pronoun's function within a sentence- elliptical clause

it is a clause in which words are being left out. on the other hand, the missing word is understood due to the logic or pattern of the sentence.

for example:

she had five apples;   kanishk, three.

herein the verb 'had' is missing which is otherwise understood.

3. to quickly run: split infinitive

it refers to the construction of the sentence in which infinitive consists with the word or an adverb between to and verb.

for example, he used to secretly ate those apples.

4. a clause with either an implied subject or verb: elliptical clause

5. a word that joins words or phrases of the same grammatical type: coordinating conjunctions are the words which connect clauses and phrases. there are seven coordinating conjunctions that are, yet, so, or, for, and, nor, and but.

for example:

the boy refused to complete the homework nor will he take the punishment.

'and' is the coordinating conjunction.

7. pronoun with no specific antecedent: indefinite pronouns are the pronouns which do not refer to anyone specifically.

for example several, nobody, some and so forth.

8. a pair of words like either/or: correlative conjunctions

these are the pairs of conjunctions used in a sentence to join elements together. these are, , not also, and so forth.

9. masculine and feminine forms: gender

gender refers to the cultural, psychological and behavioral traits that are associated with a particular sex.