Read the excerpt from "The Role of Social Media in the Arab Uprisings" by Heather Brown, Emily G, and Amy Mitchell.

Social media indeed played a part in the Arab uprisings. Networks formed online were crucial in organizing a core group of activists, specifically in Egypt. Civil society leaders in Arab countries emphasized the role of "the internet, mobile phones, and social media" in the protests. Additionally, digital media has been used by Arabs to exercise freedom of speech and as a space for civic engagement.

Now, research is emerging that reexamines in a more detailed way the role that social media played in the Arab uprisings.

In July 2012 a report was published by the United States Institute of Peace based on an extensive content analysis of bit links from the uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Bahrain. Bit links, or short URLs, are predominantly used in social media such as Twitter. The authors came to some conclusions that countered the initial assumption that social media was a causal mechanism in the uprisings.

Instead, the study suggests that the importance of social media was in communicating to the rest of the world what was happening on the ground during the uprisings. "New [or social] media outlets that use bit links are more likely to spread information outside of the region than inside it, acting like a megaphone more than a rallying cry."

Which excerpt from the passage best supports the authors' claim?

“Networks formed online were crucial in organizing a core group of activists, specifically in Egypt.”

“Social media indeed played a part in the Arab uprisings.”

“Bit links, or short URLs, are predominantly used in social media such as Twitter.”

“In July 2012 a report was published by the United States Institute of Peace”