How did the renaissance thinkers imply that the church was backward and barbaric ?

When people are asked to recall a list of words they had earlier memorized, they often substitute synonyms for some of the words on the original list. this best illustrates the impact of:

Twenty years gone, and i am back again on my own island. as for my change of skin, that is a charm athena, hope of soldiers, uses as she will; she has the knack to make me seem a beggar man sometimes and sometimes young, with finer clothes about me. it is no hard thing for the gods of heaven to glorify a man or bring him low. —the odyssey, homer based on what odysseus says in the passage, what has he learned? humans can become like gods. humans are under the gods’ control. humans can change from beggars to soldiers.

Which term best describes the progressive era