Philosophy: Introduction to Logic and Reasoning
1. Prove the validity of the following abstract argument.

J v F Prem
J → (M ∨ G) Prem
¬G Prem /∴ M v ¬J

2. For each of the following abstract statements, determine using a truth table whether it is a tautology, a contradiction, or a contingent statement:

a) ( P v ¬ Q ) & ( Q v ¬ P )

b) ¬ R → ( P v ( Q ↔ P ))

3. Use the truth-table method (standard or shortcut) to evaluate the following arguments for validity.

a) P → ( Q → R ), ¬ R & ¬ P ∴ ( P → Q ) → R

b) You will do WELL on all the exams only if you get an A. Therefore, unless you do well on all the exams, you will not get an A. (Dictionary—A: You get an A; W: You will do well on all the exams)

4. Put the following statements in standard categorical form. (Make it clear what each letter stands for.)

a) At least one ALBUM of yours is not DEPRESSING.

b) A NARWHAL is not a FISH.

c) CHRIS always conducts with an PENCIL.

d) Not all LUXURY automobiles are made by ROLLS-ROYCE.

5. Determine by the method of Carroll diagrams whether the following arguments are valid or invalid. (Some of these arguments have only one premise—they are “immediate inferences”—and others have two premises—they are “syllogisms.”)

a) All SLIMY things are DISGUSTING. Therefore, no non-disgusting things are slimy.

b) It is false that all BANKRUPT institutions are COMPANIES. So, some non-companies are not bankrupt institutions.

c) All works of ART are ENLIGHTENING but no MEL Gibson movie is a work of art. Therefore, it follows that no Gibson movies are enlightening.

d) Some HORSES make their MOTHERS proud, but no SHETLAND ponies are horses. Therefore, it’s false that all of those who make their mothers proud are Shetland ponies.

What are the three characteristics of fixed poetry

Select the correct answer. in this excerpt from "a modest proposal" by johnathan swift, what does the author list? i can think of no one objection, that will possibly be raised against this proposal, unless it should be urged, that the number of people will be thereby much lessened in the kingdom. this i freely own, and 'twas indeed one principal design in offering it to the world. i desire the reader will observe, that i calculate my remedy for this one individual kingdom of ireland, and for no other that ever was, is, or, i think, ever can be upon earth. therefore let no man talk to me of other expedients: of taxing our absentees at five shillings a pound: of using neither cloaths, nor houshold furniture, except what is of our own growth and manufacture: of utterly rejecting the materials and instruments that promote foreign luxury: of curing the expensiveness of pride, vanity, idleness, and gaming in our women: of introducing a vein of parsimony, prudence and temperance: of learning to love our country, wherein we differ even from laplanders, and the inhabitants of topinamboo: of quitting our animosities and factions, nor acting any longer like the jews, who were murdering one another at the very moment their city was taken: of being a little cautious not to sell our country and consciences for nothing: of teaching landlords to have at least one degree of mercy towards their tenants. lastly, of putting a spirit of honesty, industry, and skill into our shop-keepers, who, if a resolution could now be taken to buy only our native goods, would immediately unite to cheat and exact upon us in the price, the measure, and the goodness, nor could ever yet be brought to make one fair proposal of just dealing, though often and earnestly invited to it.a. reforms that had failed to improve ireland's situation b. the unrealistic measures discussed by irish government officials c. viable measures that could improve ireland's situation d. measures that would unify the populace of ireland

The interaction between joanna and triburcio can best be described as a) heated b) apathetic c) despondent d) hopeful