In 1994, New York Times music columnist Alex Ross wrote in a lighthearted article, "researchers Rauscher and Shaw have determined that listening to Mozart actually makes you smarter," and presented this as the final piece of evidence that Mozart has dethroned Beethoven as "the world's greatest composer." A 1997 Boston Globe article also mentioned some of the Rauscher and Shaw results. It described one study in which three- and four-year-olds who were given eight months of private piano lessons scored 34% higher on tests of spatio-temporal reasoning than control groups given computer lessons, singing lessons, and no training.

The 1997 book by Don Campbell, The Mozart Effect: Tapping the Power of Music to Heal the Body, Strengthen the Mind, and Unlock the Creative Spirit, discusses the theory that listening to Mozart (especially the piano concertos) may temporarily increase one's IQ and produce many other beneficial effects on mental function. Campbell recommends playing specially selected classical music to infants, in the expectation that it will benefit their mental development.

After The Mozart Effect, Campbell wrote a follow-up book, The Mozart Effect For Children, and created related products. Among these are collections of music that he states harness the Mozart effect to enhance "deep rest and rejuvenation", "intelligence and learning", and "creativity and imagination". Campbell defines the term as "an inclusive term signifying the transformational powers of music in health, education, and well-being. It represents the general use of music to reduce stress, depression, or anxiety; induce relaxation or sleep; activate the body; and improve memory or awareness. Innovative and experimental uses of music and sound can improve listening disorders, dyslexia, attention deficit disorder, autism, and other mental and physical disorders and diseases."

These theories are controversial. The relationship of sound and music (both played and listened to) for cognitive function and various physiological metrics has been explored in studies with no definitive results.

Choose all answers that identify types of evidence cited in the passage.

A. direct quotes of authors
B. direct quotes of musical composers
C. statistics
D. research studies
E. direct quotes of individuals participating in research studies
F. nonfiction books
G. articles

“heartwork each day is born with a sunrise and ends in a sunset, the same way we open our eyes to see the light, and close them to hear the dark. you have no control over how your story begins or ends. but by now, you should know that all things have an ending. every spark returns to darkness. every sound returns to silence. and every flower returns to sleep with the earth. the journey of the sun and moon is predictable. but yours, is your ultimate art.” ― suzy kassem what does this quote mean to you? and why? i'm not looking for anything in particular, i just wanted to know. : )

Read the excerpt from act 2 of a doll's house. nora: [quickly] he mustn't get the letter. tear it up. i will find some means of getting money. krogstad: excuse me, mrs. helmer, but i think i told you just now— nora: i am not speaking of what i owe you. tell me what sum you are asking my husband for, and i will get the money. krogstad: i am not asking your husband for a penny. nora: what do you want, then? krogstad: i will tell you. i want to rehabilitate myself, mrs. helmer; i want to get on; and in that your husband must me. for the last year and a half i have not had a hand in anything dishonourable, amid all that time i have been struggling in most restricted circumstances. i was content to work my way up step by step. now i am turned out, and i am not going to be satisfied with merely being taken into favour again. i want to get on, i tell you. i want to get into the bank again, in a higher position. your husband must make a place for me— nora: that he will never do! krogstad: he will; i know him; he dare not protest. and as soon as i am in there again with him, then you will see! within a year i shall be the manager's right hand. it will be nils krogstad and not torvald helmer who manages the bank. nora: that's a thing you will never see! krogstad: do you mean that you will—? nora: i have courage enough for it now. krogstad: oh, you can't frighten me. a fine, spoilt lady like you— nora: you will see, you will see. krogstad: under the ice, perhaps? down into the cold, coal-black water? and then, in the spring, to float up to the surface, all horrible and unrecognisable, with your hair fallen out— nora: you can't frighten me. krogstad: nor you me. people don't do such things, mrs. helmer. besides, what use would it be? i should have him completely in my power all the same. nora: afterwards? when i am no longer— krogstad: have you forgotten that it is i who have the keeping of your reputation? [nora stands speechlessly looking at him.] well, now, i have warned you. do not do anything foolish. when helmer has had my letter, i shall expect a message from him. and be sure you remember that it is your husband himself who has forced me into such ways as this again. i will never forgive him for that. goodbye, mrs. helmer. [exit through the hall.] what conflict does krogstad introduce? krogstad tells nora that he has written a letter telling helmer about her affair with the doctor. krogstad refuses to forgive helmer unless nora finds a way to come up with more money. krogstad tries to blackmail nora into getting helmer to keep him at the bank by exposing her forgery. krogstad plans to take helmer’s job managing the bank and ruin nora’s reputation while doing so.

The following excerpts that illustrate darl's and cash's points of view from william faulkner's as i lay dying: from darl: tull's wagon stands beside the spring, hitched to the rail, the reins wrapped about the seat stanchion. in the wagon bed are two chairs. jewel stops at the spring and takes the gourd from the willow branch and drinks. i pass him and mount the path, beginning to hear cash's saw. when i reach the top he has quit sawing. standing in a litter of chips, he is fitting two of the boards together. between the shadow spaces they are yellow as gold, like soft gold, bearing on their flanks in smooth undulations the marks of the adze blade: a good carpenter, cash is. he holds the two planks on the trestle, fitted along the edges in a quarter of the finished box. he kneels and squints along the edge of them, then he lowers them and takes up the adze. a good carpenter. addie bundren could not want a better one, better box to lie in. it will give her confidence and comfort. i go on to the house, followed by the chuck. chuck. chuck.of the adze.from cash: i made it on the bevel.there is more surface for the nails to grip.there is twice the gripping-surface to each seam.the water will have to seep into it on a slant. water moves easiest up and down or straight across.in a house people are upright two thirds of the time. so the seams and joints are made up-and-down. because the stress is up-and-down.in a bed where people lie down all the time, the joints and seams are made sideways, because the stress is sideways.except.a body is not square like a crosstie.animal magnetism.the animal magnetism of a dead body makes the stress come slanting, so the seams and joints of a coffin are made on a bevel.compare how the two narrators tell the story of addie bundren's impending death. is either narrator reliable? explain what the reader learns about each narrator. be sure to use specific details from the text to support your answer.