Select the following linguistic features that belong to creoles. a) non-existent morphological system b) developed from several contributing substrate languages c) no native speakers, i. e no one grows up speaking a creole as his/her first language d) grammar shows more influence from super-strate language than anywhere else e) often further developed through nativization f) majority of the lexicon derived from the superstrate language g) developed on plantation settings. h) primarily used for formal learning i) many grammatical features are often shared amongst the various substrate languages j) a fixed language with little to no innovations present

E) Often further developed through nativization

F) Majority of the lexicon derived from the superstrate language

B) Developed from several contributing substrate languages

I) Many grammatical features are often shared amongst the various substrate languages

G) Developed on plantation settings

Explanation:

Creole languages emerged from the expansion in vocabulary and grammar of existing pidgin languages, which consisted in a simplification of languages for business and trade uses. As a result, creole languages have developed to become the native tongue of a new generation of speakers who use it for all areas of everyday life as a regular language. In fact, they evolved in plantations where slaves from different nationalites and who spoke different languages needed to find a common language to communicate These distint languages are called substrate, which belong to the least dominant group and contribute to creole with grammatical features. On the other hand, creoles contain most of its vocabulary from the language of dominant group, called superstrate language.

what: when quoting a source, use the author’s words verbatim, or word-for-word. this means you shouldn’t change any grammar, punctuation, spelling, etc. put quotations around the words to tell your reader where the quote begins and where it ends.

you also need to acknowledge the author. for example, if using mla format for your research paper, you should have in-text citations with the author’s name and page number listed at the end of each quote.

when: use quotations to provide concrete examples to support your claims. using direct quotations is a great way to build your credibility on the subject. it’s also a good idea to quote your source when the author states things in a powerful way. if you think he or she said it best, then use the exact words to share the ideas.

example: in the short story “a jury of her peers”, mrs. hale compares mrs. wright to her caged bird, saying “she—come to think of it, she was kind of like a bird herself. real sweet and pretty, but kind of timid and—fluttery. how—she—did—change” (glaspell).

paraphrasing

what: paraphrasing differs from quoting because you restate the passage in your own words. since you don’t use the author’s words, you don’t need to use quotation marks. however, you still need to acknowledge the author for his or her ideas.

when paraphrasing a text, you should communicate the full meaning of the text; don’t change the meaning. it can be a condensed version of the text, or it could end up being longer than the source it’s paraphrasing.

when: you use paraphrasing when you take notes, or explain a chart or diagram to someone. paraphrasing highlight the important parts of a larger text. it also allows you to simplify the ideas for your readers.

example:

original: “it was no ordinary thing that called her away–it was probably further from ordinary than anything that had ever happened in dickson county. but what her eye took in was that her kitchen was in no shape for leaving: her bread all ready for mixing, half the flour sifted and half unsifted” (glaspell).

paraphrase: as mrs. hales walks around mrs. wright’s home, she notices that the kitchen is in disarray as if she was in the middle of baking bread (glaspell).