Read the excerpt from “missing the dark.”

each year in new york city alone, about 10,000 migratory birds are injured or killed crashing into skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, says glenn phillips, executive director of the new york city audubon society. the estimates as to the number of birds dying from collisions across north america annually range from 98 million to close to a billion. the u. s. fish and wildlife service estimates 5 million–50 million birds die each year from collisions with communication towers.

which appeal to the audience is the author using in this passage?

missing the dark

ethos to influence them to understand that the information provided is confirmed by a viable source

logos to convince them that his argument that light pollution affects all kinds of animals is logical

kairos to convince them that his argument is appropriate to the current situation regarding light pollution

pathos to influence them to be empathetic to the plight of birds that are affected by artificial lights