The adoption of the mamluk* institutions by the abbasids was followed almost immediately by [the] . . disintegration of the state. . the disintegration of the abbasid state was an intensely painful process in which it seemed at times as if the very venture of islam was coming to an end, like that of alexander the great before it. . indeed, that islam was soon to disappear was the very premise upon which the [shi‘ite] revolutionaries held out their promise of a moral and material recovery: nothing less . . could now save the marriage between religion and power to which the islamic [state] owed its existence.

can you finish the question hun

i think it is a but not sure hope you get it

is there a question here?

-ttl

in railroad songs, workers swung their hammers during the offbeat. work songs combined with traditional musical and lyrical forms, such as hymns and ballads, to create spirituals, the blues, and other jazz styles. this blending of old and new can be seen when comparing the lyrics to the traditional irish song "lass of roch royal" and the blues song "the deal."

as work songs and other forms of jazz developed, jazz music spread across the united states. for example, a jazz style known as dixieland went from new orleans to chicago by means of the famous trumpet player louis armstrong. the original dixieland band developed out of armstrong's influence and, in the early 1920s, moved to new york city. once jazz reached new york, especially harlem, its development