Comparable worth, as a standard applied to eliminate inequities in pay, insists that the values of certain tasks performed in dissimilar jobs can be compared. in the last decade, this approach has become a critical social policy issue, as large numbers of private-sector firms and industries as well as federal, state, and local governmental entities have adopted comparable worth policies or begun to consider doing so.
this widespread institutional awareness of comparable worth indicates increased public awareness that pay inequities-that is, situations in which pay is not "fair" because it does not reflect the true value of a job-exist in the labor market. however, the question still remains: have the gains already made in pay equity under comparable worth principles been of a precedent-setting nature or are they mostly transitory, a function of concessions made by employers to misled female employees into believing that they have made long-term pay equity gains?
comparable worth pay adjustments are indeed precedent-setting. because of the principles driving them, other mandates that can be applied to reduce or eliminate unjustified pay gaps between male and female workers have not remedied perceived pay inequities satisfactorily for the litigants in cases in which men and women hold different jobs. but whenever comparable worth principles are applied to pay schedules, perceived unjustified pay differences are eliminated. in this sense then, comparable worth is more comprehensive than other mandates, such as the equal pay act of 1963 and title vii of the civil rights act of 1964. neither compares tasks in dissimilar jobs (that is, jobs across occupational categories) in an effort to determine whether or not what is necessary to perform these tasks-know-how, problem-solving, and accountability-can be quantified in terms of its dollar value to the employer. comparable worth, on the other hand, takes as its premise that certain tasks in dissimilar jobs may require a similar amount of training, effort, and skill; may carry similar responsibility; may be carried on in an environment having a similar impact upon the worker; and may have a similar dollar value to the employer.

according to the passage, comparable worth principles are different in which of the following ways from other mandates intended to reduce or eliminate pay inequities:

a) comparable worth principles address changes in the pay schedules of male as well as female workers
b) comparable worth principles can be applied to employees in both the public and the private sector
c) comparable worth principles emphasize the training and skill of workers
d) comparable worth principles require changes in the employer's resource allocation
e) comparable worth principles can be used to quantify the value of elements of dissimilar jobs