Is before an adverb preposition or subordinating conjuction in this sentence

i believe it is the first choice (1.)

because the major theme is(“both the wild and civilization have rules.”)

and also as u said,( based on what buck learns within the call of the wild, "both the wild and civilization have rules".this is true of humans within society as well.

the characters are fiction but they are based off of people that were reaky in that situation