Considering the authors use of appeals in their passages, which paragraph most appeals to logos?

Logos refers to an appeal to logic. For example, anything that details reasons for something or gives proof regarding an idea is an appeals to logos

your answer would be a verb. because they are "doing something"

the sentence does not violate the phrase structure second rule (introduced by noam chomsky) because noun phrases consist of a determiner such as a, the or every, and a noun. in the sentence, the noun phrase the cake includes a determiner (the) and a noun (cake).

on the other hand, the first rule indicates that a sentence encloses a noun phrase, followed by a verb phrase. the example sentence can be analysed as follows:

john (n) + ate (v) + the (det) + cake (n).