Which of these suffixes turns the adjective abstract into a noun?

In this excerpt from "dover beach" by matthew arnold, which two lines or sets of lines suggest that the speaker has undergone a loss of faith? the sea of faith was once, too, at the full, and round earth's shore lay like the folds of a bright girdle furled. but now i only hear its melancholy, long, withdrawing roar, retreating, to the breath of the night-wind, down the vast edges drear and naked shingles of the world. ah, love, let us be true to one another! for the world, which seems to lie before us like a land of dreams, so various, so beautiful, so new, hath really neither joy, nor love, nor light, nor certitude, nor peace, nor for pain; and we are here as on a darkling plain swept with confused alarms of struggle and flight, where ignorant armies clash by night.

Why did dante most likely choose to write his views on christianity in an indirect manner when he wrote the divine comedy a) dante knew that his family would be looking for hidden messages of his well-being writing and the style gave them personal insight b)donte thought about his own christian views and personal shortcomings as he wrote it and by writing in the style leaders could do the same as dr. thought about his own christian views and personal shortcomings as he wrote it and by writing in the style leaders could do the same as they read it c) dante wanted to point out the church leaders feelings in a very public way so the style of writing allowed him to give names and grievances d) dante felt that writing for entertainment was for riders if you hadn’t fully developed the writing style yet

Read the excerpt and answer the question. the boards themselves seemed to remain upright not from being nailed together but rather from leaning together, like a house that a child might have constructed from cards. what best describes the figurative language in the sentence above? idiom simile onomatopoeia personification