On the afternoon of that same sunday i took my first long ride on my pony, under otto's direction. after that dude and i went twice a week to the post-office, six miles east of us, and i saved the men a good deal of time by riding on errands to our neighbors.

2 all the years that have passed have not dimmed my memory of that first glorious autumn. the new country lay open before me: there were no fences in those days. sometimes i followed the sunflower-bordered roads. fuchs told me that the sunflowers were introduced into that country by the mormons; that at the time of the persecution, when they left missouri and struck out into the wilderness to find a place where they could worship god in their own way, the members of the first exploring party, crossing the plains to utah, scattered sunflower seed as they went. the next summer, when the long trains of wagons came through with all the women and children, they had the sunflower trail to follow. i believe that botanists do not confirm fuchs's story, but insist that the sunflower was native to those plains. nevertheless, that legend has stuck in my mind, and sunflower-bordered roads always seem to me the roads to freedom.

3 i used to love to drift along the pale-yellow cornfields, looking for the damp spots one sometimes found at their edges, where the smartweed soon turned a rich copper color and the narrow brown leaves hung curled like cocoons about the swollen joints of the stem. sometimes i went south to visit our german neighbors and to admire their catalpa grove, or to see the big elm tree that grew up out of a deep crack in the earth and had a hawk's nest in its branches. trees were so rare in that country, and they had to make such a hard fight to grow, that we used to feel anxious about them, and visit them as if they were persons. it must have been the scarcity of detail in that tawny landscape that made detail so precious.

4 sometimes i rode north to the big prairie-dog town to watch the brown earth-owls fly home in the late afternoon and go down to their nests underground with the dogs. antonia shimerda liked to go with me, and we used to wonder a great deal about these birds of subterranean habit. we had to be on our guard there, for rattlesnakes were always lurking about. they came to pick up an easy living among the dogs and owls, which were quite defenseless against them; took possession of their comfortable houses and ate the eggs and puppies. we felt sorry for the owls. it was always mournful to see them come flying home at sunset and disappear under the earth. but, after all, we felt, winged things who would live like that must be rather degraded creatures.

5 antonia had opinions about everything, and she was soon able to make them known. almost every day she came running across the prairie to have her reading lesson with me. mrs. shimerda grumbled, but realized it was important that one member of the family should learn english. when the lesson was over, we used to go up to the watermelon patch behind the garden. i split the melons with an old corn-knife, and we lifted out the hearts and ate them with the juice trickling through our fingers.

6 antonia loved to grandmother in the kitchen and to learn about cooking and housekeeping. she would stand beside her, watching her every movement. we were willing to believe that mrs. shimerda was a good housewife in her own country, but she managed poorly under new conditions: the conditions were bad enough, certainly!

7 i remember how horrified we were at the sour, ashy-grey bread she gave her family to eat. she mixed her dough, we discovered, in an old tin peck-measure that krajiek had used about the barn. when she took the paste out to bake it, she left smears of dough sticking to the sides of the measure, put the measure on the shelf behind the stove, and let this residue ferment. the next time she made bread, she scraped this sour stuff down into the fresh dough to serve as yeast.

8 during those first months the shimerdas never went to town. krajiek encouraged them in the belief that in black hawk they would somehow be mysteriously separated from their money. they hated krajiek, but they clung to him because he was the only human being with whom they could talk or from whom they could get information. he slept with the old man and the two boys in the dugout barn, along with the oxen. they kept him in their hole and fed him for the same reason that the prairie-dogs and the brown owls house the rattlesnakes-- because they did not know how to get rid of him.

in this excerpt from her novel, my antonia, willa cather uses several figures of speech in her descriptions. quoting the text, list at least two of the figures of speech that cather uses, and describe the effect each one has on the reader.