1duke ellington was one of the founding fathers of jazz music. he was born in washington d. c. and loved music from an early age. when he was four years old, he listened to his mother play a popular piano tune called "the rosary." he began to cry, saying, "it was so pretty. so pretty." not long after that, at the age of seven, he began to play piano himself.
2 at age 15, ellington worked at a soda fountain and wrote his first song, "soda fountain rag." by his late teens, he was making enough money to his parents move into a better house. one of ellington's first professional gigs was a party where he played so long that his hand bled. he earned 75 cents. "it was the most money i had ever seen," he said. "i rushed all the way home to my mother with it. but i could not touch a piano key for weeks."
3 by the time he was 20, ellington and his friends formed a band that would be the foundation for his life's work. from 1923 to 1927, he and his band lived in new york city and made about 60 recordings. their first big break came on december 4, 1927. it was the opening night of what would turn out to be a long engagement at the cotton club in new york city's harlem neighborhood.
4 in 1939, ellington's band got an important member in billy strayhorn. he composed and co-wrote some of the most famous pieces associated with ellington, including the band's theme song, "take the 'a' train." their partnership worked so smoothly that they were even able to write songs over the telephone.
5 the duke ellington orchestra was on the road for 50 years and kept up an incredible schedule. the band often performed two shows a day. ellington's music was familiar to people in the u. s. and abroad. over the years ellington worked with many famous people, including irving berlin, lena horn, ella fitzgerald, count basie, louis armstrong, mahalia jackson, bing crosby, and many more. ellington and his band kept up their fast-paced touring schedule into the early 1970s.
6 in 1970, the american ballet theater commissioned ellington to develop a ballet, which he called the river. the ballet was choreographed by the famous dancer alvin ailey and premiered on june 25, 1970. that same year, he was also commissioned to write a comic opera. other works he wrote include a theater piece and music for films. ellington died in 1974, but left a lasting impact on music that continues to this day.

passage 2

1 john philip sousa was born in washington, d. c., on november 6, 1854. his father, john antonio sousa, was born in spain of portuguese parents, and his mother, marie elizabeth trinkaus, was born in bavaria.
2 sousa received his early education in washington public schools. at the same time, he studied music at a private conservatory. from his childhood, he was determined, industrious, and optimistic. foremost in his mind was how best to his audiences.
3 at age 13, he enlisted in the u. s. marine band as a "boy" (apprentice) musician. he also continued his private music studies. his most important teacher was george felix benkert. with benkert, sousa studied violin, harmony, and composition. after serving seven years with the marines, he was discharged. afterward, he performed as a violinist and conductor in various theater orchestras in washington and philadelphia.
4 by 1880, his fame as a conductor, composer, and arranger had been established. sousa was known as a man of considerable self-discipline and extraordinary talent. he excelled in everything he undertook. he was unassuming, approachable, and tolerant. to all who knew him, he was a man of incredibly high moral standards. he was appointed leader of the u. s. marine band and held this position for 12 years. he eventually molded the band into the finest military band in the world.
5 sousa resigned from the marine corps in 1892 to form his own civilian band. this band quickly became known as one of the finest symphony orchestras of the day. it was a concert organization, not a marching band. the finest available instrumentalists were engaged. numerous other artists of international fame performed with the band at one time or another.
6 people throughout the world flocked to see "the march king" during his many american and worldwide tours. his influence on american musical tastes was remarkable, and much of his influence spread abroad. the sousa band traveled the world in 1910-1911, made four additional tours of europe, and annual tours of america. he continued performing with his band until the day he died, march 6, 1932.

which two statements describe the text structures of both passages?
both passages use chronological order.
passage 1 mainly compares ideas, while passage 2 presents events in a sequence.
passage 1 mainly presents facts, while passage 2 uses more description.
both the passages use cause and effect to organize ideas.
both passages compare and contrast multiple ideas.
both passages present problems and solutions.