Read the excerpt from hemingway’s  a farewell to arms. the major asked me to have a drink with him and two other officers. we drank rum and it was very friendly.  outside it was getting dark. i asked what time the attack was to be and they said as soon as it was dark. the casual behavior of the characters during a difficult time demonstrates hemingway’s belief that a hero shouldexhibit grace under pressure. recognize the meaningless of life. have a mentor to follow. learn from his mistakes.

the sentence does not violate the phrase structure second rule (introduced by noam chomsky) because noun phrases consist of a determiner such as a, the or every, and a noun. in the sentence, the noun phrase the cake includes a determiner (the) and a noun (cake).

on the other hand, the first rule indicates that a sentence encloses a noun phrase, followed by a verb phrase. the example sentence can be analysed as follows:

john (n) + ate (v) + the (det) + cake (n).

the correct answer is:   [d]:   " espionage " .

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