1. What does sphere standard means? Give some examples of sphere standard 1. indicators relative to sanitation and hygiene? 2. What are the different types of water treatment methodologies you know? Explain
3. What is the difference between disinfection and chlorination? Explain
4. How do you identify potential sources of contamination to conduct a water quality testing at water sources and at household’s levels?

The Sphere standards are a set of principles and minimum humanitarian standards in four technical areas of humanitarian response: Watesr supply, sanitation and hygiene promotion (WASH) Food security and nutrition. Shelter and settlementCoagulation / Flocculation. Coagulation is adding liquid aluminum sulfate or alum and/or polymer to raw or untreated water. ...Sedimentation. When water and flocs undergo the treatment process, they go into sedimentation basins. ...Filtration. ...Disinfection. ...Sludge Drying. ...Fluoridation. ...pH CorrectionChlorine is a highly effective method of disinfection. However, while in the pipes it produces small amounts of chemicals (called “disinfection by-products”) if the source water has higher levels of dirt or germs that may react with chlorine. Chlorine is also used up quickly in water systems.Often county health departments will help you test for bacteria or nitrates. If not, you can have your water tested by a state certified laboratory. You can find one in your area by calling the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at 800-426-4791 or visiting www.epa.gov/safewater/labs.

Explanation:

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