A bioreactor hosts a genetically improved cell strain of B. lactofermentum to convert glucose to glutamic acid (C2HNO,) for production of MSG and other products. The cells metabolize glucose according to the following balanced chemical reaction: C6H12O6(s) + NH3 + 1.5O2 → C5H9NO4(l) + 3H2O(l) + CO2 (g)

The liquid-phase inlet stream contains water and glucose; the mass fraction of glucose is 0.05. The liquid phase inlet flow rate is 200 kg/hr. The liquid flow rate of the unreacted glucose is 2.0 kg/hr. Ammonia and oxygen enters in a separate gas phase stream. Carbon dioxide as well as excess ammonia and oxygen leave in a second gas phase product stream. The system is operated continuously, and reaction products and excess reactants are removed such that no accumulation occurs. The inlet and outlet streams are at 250C.

Required:
What rate of heat should be added or removed from the system to maintain the bioreactor at a steady temperature?