Explain "columnar transposition" for the transposition ciphers using the following plaintext as an example: abcd
efgh
ijkl
mnop

Determine whether or not it is possible to compress air adiabatically from k to 140 kpa and 400 k. what is the entropy change during this process?

Hydraulic fluid with a sg. of 0.78 is flowing through a 1.5 in. i.d. pipe at 58 gal/min. the fluid has an absolute viscosity of 11.8 x 105 lbf-sec/ft2. is the flow laminar, turbulent or within the critical range? give both a numerical reynolds number and a term answer.

An open feedwater heater operates at steady state with liquid entering at inlet 1 with t? = 40°c and pl = 1 .2 mpa. water vapor att2-200°c and p2 = 1.2 mpa enters at inlet 2. saturated liquid water exits with a pressure of pa 1.2 mpa. neglect heat transfer with the surroundings and all kinetic and potential energy effects, determine the mass flow rate of steam at inlet 2 if the mass flow rate of liquid water at inlet 1 is given as 2 kg/s.