Design a vertical wall by providing adequate spacing of studs and wales and identifying which spacing governs between the bending, deflection, rolling shear. Also design for the maximum spacing of the ties and the bearing.

A-mn has a cubic structure with a0 0.8931 nm and a density of 7.47 g/cm3. b-mn has a different cubic structure, with a0 0.6326 nm and a density of 7.26 g/cm3. the atomic weight of manganese is 54.938 g/mol and the atomic radius is 0.112 nm. determine the percent volume change that would occur if a-mn transforms to b-mn.

Calculate the bore of a cylinder that has a stroke of 18 inches and an extension time of 6 seconds at a flow rate of 4 gal/min.

What is the heat treatment of metals? what is the benefit of it? why and how it's useful? answer in details, do not write by hand.