A reinforced concrete beam is reinforced with no. 9 grade 60 bars in bundles of three and has a concrete compressive strength of 4000 psi. The reinforcement provided is 10% in excess of that required and has a clear cover equal to the equivalent diameter of the bundled bars and a clear spacing of twice the equivalent diameter. Use the simplified approach. What is the required development length of an individual bar

Amixture of slurry and mud is to be pumped through a horizontal pipe of diameter 500 mm. the fluid behaves as a bingham plastic with a yield stress of 30 pa and viscosity 0.04 pa.s. describe the effects of the shear stress through a transverse section of the pipe by plotting the variation in shear stress and velocity profile: (i) just before the slurry starts to move (ii) as the slurry flows when the pressure gradient is double that in part (i)