12.1 A class A emitter follower, biased using the circuitshown in Fig. 12.3, uses Vcc=10V, R = RL=\kQ., withall transistors (including Q3) identical. Assume V££ = 0.7 V, VC£sat = 0.3 V, and ft to be very large. For linear operation, what are the upper and lower limits of output voltage, andthe corresponding inputs? How do these values change if theemitter-base junction area of Q3 is made twice as big as thatof S2? Half as big?

Agas contained within a piston-cylinder assembly e end nation about same energy states, 1 and 2, where pi 10 bar, v undergoes two processes, a and b, between the sam 0.1 m3, ui-400 kj and p2 1 bar, v2 1.0 m2, u2 200 kj: process a: process from 1 to 2 during which the pressure- volume relation is pv constant process b: constant-volume process from state 1 to a pressure of 2 bar, followed by a linear pressure-volume process to +20 0 state 2 kinetic and potential energy effects can be ignored. for each of the processes a and b, (a) sketch the process on p-v coordinates, (b) evaluate the work, in kj, and (c) evaluate process the heat transfer, in kj