How are the particles moving and and arranged in a solid?

Explain the difference laminar and turbulent flow. explain it with the shear stress and the velocity profiles.

An air compression refrigeration system is to have an air pressure of 100 psia in the brine tank and an allowable air temperature increase of 60°f for standard vapor compression cycle temperatures of 77 f entering the expansion cylinder and 14 f entering the compression cylinder, calculate the coefficient of performance a. 2.5 b 3.3 c. 4.0 d. 5.0

What is the heat treatment of metals? what is the benefit of it? why and how it's useful? answer in details, do not write by hand.