The concept of half-life is used extensively in environmental engineering and science. For example, it is used to describe the decay of radioisotopes, elimination of poisons from people, self-cleaning of lakes, and the disappearance of pesticides from soil. Starting with the mass-balance equation, develop an expression that describes the half-life (t1/2) of a substance in terms of the reaction rate constant, k, assuming the decay reaction takes place in a batch reactor.

An electrical motor raises a 50kg load at a construct velencity .calculate the power of the motor, if it takes 40sec to raise the load through a height of 24m(take g =9.8n/g)

Apipe with an outside diameter of 15 cm is exposed to an ambient air and surrounding temperature of -20°c. the pipe has an outer surface temperature of 65°c and an emissivity of 0.85. if the rate of heat loss from the pipe surface is 0.95 kw per meter of length, the external convective heat transfer coefficient (h) is: (a) 12.5 w/m"k (b) 18.6 w/mk (c) 23.7 w/mk (d) 27.9 w/mk (e) 33.5 w/mk

Consider a large isothermal enclosure that is maintained at a uniform temperature of 2000 k. calculate the emissive power of the radiation that emerges from a small aperture on the enclosure surface. what is the wavelength ? , below which 10% of the emission is concentrated? what is the wavelength ? 2 above which 10% of the emission is concentrated? determine the wavelength at which maximum spectral emissive power occurs. what is the irradiation incident on a small object placed inside the enclosure?