water is pumped from a lower reservoir to a higher reservoir by a pump that provides 20 kw of useful mechanical power to that water. the free surface of upper reservoir is 45 m higher than the surface of the lower reservoir. if the flow rate of water is measured to be 0.03 m3/s, determine the irreversible head loss of the system.

An external consultant recommends that a plant installs a bank of capacitors for power factor correction. this will reduce the peak electrical demand charges by an average of 93 kw every month. the plant current pays $13 per kw in peak demand charges. the capacitor bank will include 223 kw of fixed capacitors, and 183 of variable capacitors. the fixed capacitors cost $59 per kw, and the variable capacitors will cost $65 per kw. the consultant charges 21% of the equipment costs to install the capacitors. because this project will reduce the demand for the electric utility, they are prepared to provide a one-time rebate of $42 per kw of reduced demand. what is the simple payback period for this project (in years)?