How do I now the governing equation of a mathematical model in a journal when it is not specified in the journal? Is equation 1 always assumed to be the governing equation? Then also the constitutive equations.

Steam enters a converging nozzle at 3.0 mpa and 500°c with a at 1.8 mpa. for a nozzle exit area of 32 cm2, determine the exit velocity, mass flow rate, and exit mach number if the nozzle: negligible velocity, and it exits (a) is isentropic (b) has an efficiency of 94 percent

Amixture of slurry and mud is to be pumped through a horizontal pipe of diameter 500 mm. the fluid behaves as a bingham plastic with a yield stress of 30 pa and viscosity 0.04 pa.s. describe the effects of the shear stress through a transverse section of the pipe by plotting the variation in shear stress and velocity profile: (i) just before the slurry starts to move (ii) as the slurry flows when the pressure gradient is double that in part (i)

Acarnot refrigerator operates in a room in which the temperature is 21°c and of power when operating. if the food compartment of the refrigerator is consumes 3 kw to be maintained at 2°c, determine (a) the coefficient of performance of the cycle and (b) the rate of heat removal from the food compartment. refrigerator cycle that has a higher coefficient of performance than that of the discussed (e) is it possible to develop a carn ot refrigerator, operating between the same temperature limits? explain