The energy losses associated with valves and fittings: a)- are generally associated with a k factor b)- are generally associated with an external surface finish. c)- both answers 1 and 2 d)- all of the above.

a)Are generally associated with factor.

Explanation:

We know that losses are two types

1.Major loss  :Due to friction of pipe surface

2.Minor loss  :Due to change in the direction of flow

As we know that when any hindrance is produced during the flow of fluid then it leads to generate the energy losses.If flow is along uniform diameter pipe then there will not be any loss but if any valve and fitting placed is the path of fluid flow due to this direction of fluid flow changes and  it produce losses in the energy.

Lot' of experimental data tell us that loss in the energy due to valve and fitting are generally associated with K factor.These losses are given as

no he didnt use it

explanation:

he said no