What is shape factor and it's important? heat transfer (conduction shape factors) correct and brief answer

Explain the difference laminar and turbulent flow. explain it with the shear stress and the velocity profiles.

The higher the astm grain size number, the finer the gran is. a)-true b)-false

Aturning operation is performed with following conditions: rake angle of 12°, a feed of 0.35 mm/rev, and a depth of cut of 1.1 mm. the work piece is aluminum alloy 6061 with t6 heat treatment (a16061-t6). the resultant chip thickness was measured to be 1.0 mm. estimate the cutting force, fc. use shear stress of 207 mpa and coefficient of friction on the tool face of 0.6.