The person who receives financial protection from a life insurance plan is called a:

The answer to this question is A. Beneficiary
Payer is the person who buy the insurance (not necessarily for themselves only, can be given to their family or friends). Insured can not only be a person, but it also can be an object (such as cars). And the giver is the company who provide the insurance service for the payer.

I believe it's called being a beneficiary.