You are building a system around a processor with in-order execution that runs at 1.1 GHz and has a CPI of 0.7 excluding memory accesses. The only instructions that read or write data from memory are loads (20% of all instructions) and stores (5% of all instructions). The memory system for this computer is composed of a split L1 cache that imposes no penalty on hits. Both the I-cache and D-cache are direct mapped and hold 32 KB each. The I-cache has a 2% miss rate and 32-byte blocks, and the D-cache is write-through with a 5% miss rate and 16-byte blocks. There is a write buffer on the D-cache that eliminates stalls for 95% of all writes. The 512 KB write-back, unified L2 cache has 64-byte blocks and an access time of 15 ns. It is connected to the L1 cache by a 128-bit data bus that runs at 266 MHz and can transfer one 128-bit word per bus cycle. Of all memory references sent to the L2 cache in this system, 80% are satisfied without going to main memory. Also, 50% of all blocks replaced are dirty. The 128-bit-wide main memory has an access latency of 60 ns, after which any number of bus words may be transferred at the rate of one per cycle on the 128-bit-wide 133 MHz main memory bus. Required:
a. What is the average memory access time for instruction accesses?
b. What is the average memory access time for data reads?
c. What is the average memory access time for data writes?
d. What is the overall CPI, including memory accesses?