Describe the mechanisms of ROT Cipher and Columnar Transposition. What can you do to break these ciphers?

The ROT cipher is a Caeser cipher where each letter is changed to its numerical value plus a pre-chosen number. This can be easily cracked using frequency analysis to determine how far the most common letters (like T or S or H) are being shifted. Columnar transposition can also be broken with a statistical method, but is much harder.