In challenge-response authentication, both the User ID (i. e., message 1) and the Challenge (i. e., message 2) are in cleartext, but why is challenge-response authentication still a secure authentication method that can defeat replay attacks?

Usually, when we sniff packets, we are only interested certain types of packets. we can do that by setting filters in sniffing. scapy’s filter use the bpf (berkeley packet filter) syntax; you can find the bpf manual from the internet. set the following filters and demonstrate your sniffer program again (each filter should be set separately): (a) capture only the icmp packet. (b) capture any tcp packet that comes from a particular ip and with a destination port number 23. (c) capture packets comes from or to go to a particular subnet. you can pick any subnet, such as 128.230.0.0/16; you should not pick the subnet that your vm is attached to.

When copying and pasting text, the first step is move your cursor type the text select the copy command select the paste command

During the software planning process, rick, a project manager, finds that his team has made an incorrect estimation of funds. what kind of risk has rick identified? rick has identified a risk.