What physical network topology consists of all connected devices connecting to one central device, such as a switch?

How are roger williams, james oglethorpe, and william penn similar?

Write a program to analyze student’s scores. each student’s id and 4 original test scores are saved in the attached file “student_id_scores.txt”. assume there are exactly 15 students in the class.• the program first opens the file, reads student’s ids and scores from the file and saves them in two arrays: o create a one-dimensional string array “ids” to store the student’s ids.o create a (parallel) two-dimensional int array “scores” to store student’s original test scores. this array has 5 columns, the original 4 test scores should be saved in the first 4 columns, and the last column will be used to save the average score after the calculation in next step.• the program then retrieves test scores from the array “scores”, calculates average score and determines the final letter grade based on the rules in the table below for each student. assume average score is integer value.average score = (score1 + score2 + score3 + score4) / 4average score letter grade90 ~ 100 a80 ~ 89 b70 ~ 79 c60 ~ 70 d0 ~ 60 f• the average score should be saved back in the 5th column of “scores” array.• create a new parallel one-dimensional char array “grades” to save each student’s letter grade.• program also needs to find the number of a, number of b, number of c, number of d and number of f grade. as well as the highest, lowest and average score of the class.• finally, program will display all of the original scores and all results on the computer screen using the format shown as the sample output below.• the program must contain at least the following functions: (1) a function “getscores” to read and store data into “ids” and “scores” arrays.(2) a function “analyzescores” to calculate student’s average score, determine letter grade, get the number of a, b, c, d and f, find the highest, lowest and average score of the class.(3) a function “displayresults” to display all of the results

Computer security/cybersecurity1) each of the following code fragments contains a number of security vulnerabilities. for each fragment, identify these security vulnerabilities and, for each vulnerability, discuss at least one way that it could be improved. note that in your discussion of how each vulnerability could be improved, you do not need to re-write a new version of the program in c; simply discuss your solution, either in pseudocode or in 1-2 sentences.a) /* file descriptor leak */#include #include int main(int argc, char *argv[]){ char *filepath = argv[0]; char *shellpath = argv[1]; file *passwords; passwords = fopen(filepath, "r"); /* read the password and do something with it */ /* . . */ /* fork and execute alternative shell */ execl(shellpath, "shell", null); }b)#include /* assume the following function is written for an electronic storefront. the user will enter the id of the item to be ordered, as well as the quantity of units that they would like to purchase. the program will then lookup the price for the price for the item using a predefined function, and return the total cost of the order.*/int gettotalcost(){ char itemid[9]; int price, unitsordered, cost; printf(" enter the 9-digit id of the item to be ordered: "); scanf("%s", & itemid); /* lookup the price according to the itemid */ price = getpricebyid(itemid); printf(" enter the quantity of units to be ordered: "); scanf("%d", & unitsordered); cost = price * unitsordered; return cost; }c)#include /* the following function is intended to return a user's full name by concatenating the user's first and last name into a single string and then returning that string. */char *getfullname(char *firstname, char *lastname, int max_len){ char fullname[max_len]; strcpy(fullname, firstname); strcat(fullname, " "); strcat(fullname, lastname); return fullname; }d)#include /* the following code snippet runs through the list of cli arguments entered and displays them to the console. */int main(int argc, char *argv[]){ int i; printf("you've entered the following arguments: "); for(i = 0; i < argc; i++){ print(argv[i]); printf("\n"); } /* */}