Plz mark brainliest and 100 points pl. what are the advantages and disadvantages of top-down and bottom-up programming? how would you decide which one to use? do you approach problems in your real life from a bottom-up or top-down approach?

Some people like bottom-up approaches and some like always top-down approaches. My preference is the top-down approach. Suppose a person is appointed at a lower grade, he has to work hard and it is almost by the end of his/her life that he/she reaches the top position. However, if we get higher studies, we know the whole process, and we can understand the most complex process at the start, and hence the lower-level process is easily understood by us quite easily as well.

You can think of any real-world problem. They are like the above. Hence, my preference is always a top-down approach.

Take the example of software development. The business development manager finds the project, but he has to report to the project manager, and the project prepares the feasibility report and submit it to the Program Manager, but this is not discussed with the board of directors at this stage. It's only delivered to that level if asked, or some risk occurs that is hard to cover financially. Else the program manager is considered the supreme. And once the order is passed by him/her, and he/she allocated to the project manager, then the project manager becomes supreme. And the further process is decided by him, and hence the top-down approach.

However, in some cases, test cases are made using the bottom approach like in unit testing. Hence, we cannot discard the bottom-up approach as well. Hence, both are equally important. We  need to decide on behalf of cohesion and coupling, which to choose from the above. If modules are low in coupling and highly cohesive, we should go for bottom up approach, and if coupling is high and the modules are less cohesive, we should opt for top down approach. Low coupling means modules are almost independent, and dependent vice versa. And zero coupling means completely independent. Also, sometimes we have to work with less education as well as we might lack financially or sometimes it is accepted that through work experience we learn faster. And at times various do the work with even highly coupled modules. Hence, both are equally good.

Explanation:

Please check the answer.

it would be a. excessive network collisions or d. slow connectivity between devices those would be my answer.