5.2 caches are important to providing a high-performance memory hierarchy to processors. below is a list of 32-bit memory address references, given as word addresses.

3, 180, 43, 2, 191, 88, 190, 14, 181, 44, 186, 253

5.2.3 you are asked to optimize a cache design for the given references. there are three direct-mapped cache designs possible, all with a total of 8 words of data: c1 has 1-word blocks, c2 has 2-word blocks, and c3 has 4-word blocks. in terms of miss rate, which cache design is the best? if the miss stall time is 25 cycles, and c1 has an access time of 2 cycles, c2 takes 3 cycles, and c3 takes 5 cycles, which is the best cache design?

Explain briefly why you cannot expect to find a previous version of every file with which you work.

Data is processed, stored, and transmitted as a series of 1s and 0s. each 1 or 0 is called a(n) . a series of eight 0s and 1s, called a(n) , represents one character—a letter, number, or punctuation mark. data becomes when it is presented in a format that people can understand and use. digital signals are represented by two different , such as +5 volts and +.2 volts. digital data can also take the form of light and dark spots etched onto the surface of a cd or the positive and negative orientation of particles on the surface of a hard disk. data consists of numbers that might be used in arithmetic operations. it can be represented digitally using the number system. data is composed of letters, symbols, and numerals that are not used in arithmetic operations. computers represent this type of data using , ebcdic, unicode, or utf-8. data is quantified using terms such as or kibibyte (1024 bytes), and prefixes such as or mebi (1,048,576), and giga or (1,073,741,824). to reduce file size and transmission times, digital data can be compressed. compression provides the means to compress data and reconstitute it into its original state. compression throws away some of the original data during the compression process. compressed files usually have at the end of the file name and are represented with special icons. these files have to be or unzipped before you can view the data they contain.

Nims is applicable to all stakeholders with incident related responsibilities. true or false